Arab Researcher

Rights of Part-time Workers under the Provisions of the Palestinian Labor Law no. 7, 2000

Manal Abed — 2025-06-13

Part-time work derives its importance from its alignment with the needs of the Palestinian labor market and its contribution to reducing unemployment rates. Additionally, it offers real benefits that cater to workers seeking extra income to meet their personal and family needs, especially amid the current high cost of living and increasing financial obligations. Given these challenges, many workers aim to be employed by multiple employers simultaneously to secure a higher income.

At the same time, this system also meets the needs of employers, as many tasks can be completed without requiring a full-time employment contract, whether for a fixed or indefinite period. Instead, specific working hours per week may be sufficient to accomplish the required work.

This highlights the importance of regulating part-time work through clear legal provisions that guarantee the rights of both parties in the employment relationship and explicitly define their obligations. However, due to the absence of legislative regulation on this matter within the provisions of the applicable Palestinian Labor Law no. 7, 2000, we have examined the nature of part-time work and the associated labor rights in this article. Our findings indicate that part-time workers are entitled to labor rights if the fundamental elements of an employment relationship between the worker and employer exist. Notably that, these rights should be calculated on basis proportionate to the actual working hours and agreed-upon wages.

The role of the Egyptian judiciary in monitoring international arbitration issues

Ahmed Hussein — 2025-06-30

In this study, we have discussed the role of the Egyptian judiciary in the stages of the international arbitration process, as the role of the courts is not limited to ratifying arbitration awards, especially from the procedural aspect, as the judiciary works to overcome procedural obstacles that may occur during the arbitration process in terms of the disagreement of the parties to the dispute over the body formed to consider the dispute. This shows the role of the judiciary in the initial stages of the arbitration process. In addition, the judiciary has another role represented in judicial oversight of all stages of the arbitration process, whether before or after the issuance of the award, and its impact on the speed of implementation of the international arbitration award in accordance with Egyptian law and the New York Convention of 1958. We also address the nullity claim related to the arbitration award by identifying its causes and the cases in which the arbitration award is nullified. We conclude this study with the differences between the nullity of the award in arbitration and in the judiciary.

International Criminal Protection in the Face of Cybercrimes (International Cyber Terrorism as a Model)

Moustafa Mourad — 2025-06-30

There is no doubt that the development we are living in the era of the information and communications revolution has produced for us many types of newly emerging crimes that are more dangerous, including cybercrimes, which have produced a number of challenges for the international community due to the difficulty of proving them and identifying their perpetrators because they are, by nature, a crime that crosses borders and restrictions. Therefore, in this research, we have addressed one of its forms, which is the crime of international cyberterrorism, in terms of establishing a specific and precise definition of the crime of cyberterrorism and its characteristics, and strengthening and doubling international efforts to combat it, especially in those countries that have not yet taken the initiative to amend their domestic legislation to ensure that they go beyond the old traditional legal templates in line with combating this type of cybercrime. Therefore, working to establish the rules of regional and international cooperation in the field of technology and combating cybercrimes that take place through cyberspace, as well as striving to find a legal framework for international criminal cooperation, judicially and security-wise, has become a very necessary and binding matter, the recognition of which has become inevitable, as we recognize its dangers as an inescapable matter in light of the successive technological development in the methods of these crimes, which makes it difficult to combat them without cooperation. The cohesion of international efforts is something that must be addressed, and the international community must work from now on to develop national and international criminal legislation to confront this type of crime, in addition to a set of recommendations to reduce these crimes.

Judicial Jurisdiction over Appeals in Prisoner Disciplinary Cases in Modern Penal Legislations (A Comparative Study between the Legislations of France, Italy, and Portugal)

Yasser Issa — 2025-06-30

In the past, prisoners were viewed with contempt, considered human beings without rights and freedoms. the prevailing view was that disciplining prisoners was the sole prerogative of the penal institution's administration, exercised with full discretionary authority, without oversight or interference from anyone.

With development, it became necessary to restrict the authority of the penal administration to discipline prisoners, and to surround the system for this discipline with a degree of safeguards that would preserve prisoners' rights and prevent the arbitrariness of the penal administration toward them. This can only be achieved by extending judicial oversight over disciplinary decisions by receiving and adjudicating appeals against these decisions.

Comparative legislation differed regarding the judiciary entrusted with the task of receiving appeals against prisoner disciplinary decisions. While the French legislator assigned this task to the administrative judge, both the Italian and Portuguese legislators tended to assign it to their specialized penal enforcement judiciary.

Comparative legislation also does not agree on the extent of the powers granted to the judiciary when considering appeals against prisoner disciplinary decisions. In France, the administrative judge does not have the authority to amend the disciplinary decision in accordance with the nature and severity of the violation committed. The judge is limited to overturning the decision if he determines that one of two conditions exists: first, the illegitimacy of the disciplinary penalty in terms of its nature and severity, or second, the existence of a disproportionate balance between the penalty and the disciplinary violation committed. In Italy, the powers of the probation judge extend to reviewing the effectiveness of some disciplinary sanctions, in addition to his ability to amend the disciplinary decision. In Portugal, the powers of the Penal Enforcement Court are more expansive. It has broad discretionary power to annul or change the contested disciplinary decision, either immediately or retroactively. It also has the authority to decide what it deems appropriate, including changing, replacing, or modifying the decision in whole or in part.